Free Democratic Party

1836: Representative John Quincy Adams/Representative John W. Taylor (Anti-Missouri) - 47 EVs, 19.7%

-forms in aftermath of outbreak of Missouri Crisis

-which emerged following admission of Missouri as a state after US's Wars > Luisiana War (1823-8)

-JQA, an old politician, enlisted towards cause

-does pretty well but not well enough

1840: Representative William Leggett/Fmr. Senator Thomas Morris (Equal Rights) - 0 EVs, 5.4%

-in wake of Missouri Compromise Anti-Missouri Party collapses

-most devoted faction continues on as "Equal Rights Party"

-William Leggett makes himself known as principled opponent of slavery in Congress

-his newspaper is extremely influential

-is a hard-money classical radical, but takes his radicalism towards antislavery, equal rights and v. influential at this

-also he's a New Yorker, influential as an oppositionist who refuses to merge into the new Union Party on opposition to slavery and elected to House of Representatives on that capacity

-and so gets drafted for presidential candidate by the party

-he doesn't expect to win but gets fairly respectable performance

-and many deem him responsible for Johnson's defeat

1844: Fmr. Judge William Jay/Fmr. Mayor James G. Birney (Equal Rights) - 0 EVs, 0.8%

-with Daniel Webster having antislavery bona fides and fear of making Webster lose, do less well

1848: Endorsed President Daniel Webster/Vice President James L. Petigru (Union) - 164 EVs, 51.1%

-faced with Daniel Webster having large amount of abolitionist support

-but with him having less antislavery bona fides

-and fear possibility of John C. Calhoun becoming president

-in the end convention endorses Union ticket

-major splinter led by Gerrit Smith but Webster nevertheless cruises to major victory

-however, in the end, this deemed a mistake

1852: Representative John P. Hale/Fmr. Ohio State Senator Leicester King (Equal Rights) - 1 EV, 8.6%

1856: Representative John P. Hale/ (Young America) - 0 EVs, 2.4%

1860: Representative Joshua Giddings/Representative Henry Wilson (Young America) - 5 EVs, 9.3%

1864: Senator Thomas Wilson Dorr/Governor Salmon P. Chase ("Justice"/"Free Soil"/"Northern Unionist"/"Young America") - 95 EVs, 29.8%

1865 contingent election: Thomas Wilson Dorr (94 votes); Salmon P. Chase (77 votes)

1868: Representative George Bancroft/Senator Henry Winter Davis - 171 EVs, 73.8%

1872: President Henry Winter Davis/Senator Samuel Tilden - 192 EVs, 92.2%

-Anti-Missouri Party

-Equal Rights Party

-Young America

-rebranding due to desire to expand coalition

-as well as due to influence from Mazzinian movement

-Italian Personalities > Giuseppe Mazzini being the great unifier of Italy and opponent of the Papacy noted for staunch antislavery views with broad popularity

-and has Universal Republican Associations active in northern cities which combine antislavery with a sort of godly nationalism

-formed by two major elements: northern unionists and defecting northern populists

-with 1864 election, crisis over Buenaventura's Wars > Buenaventuran War of Independence (1864-7) kicking off results in permanent division of Union Party into proslavery and antislavery parties

-they also join up with other antislavery groups

-nominate great Webster Unionist - American Personalities > Thomas Wilson Dorr

-name taken from Democratic Party, with union of smaller parties

-especially Young America

-coalition initially buckles, but then woodward's attempts to acquire texas, kansas opened up to slavery, slave free transit assured, strengthens union

-many northerners being volunteers on side of buenaventura further worsens tensions

-in 1866 midterms coalition surges in the polls, successfully nominates oppositionist as speaker of house of representatives

-constant fighting with woodward and his doughface agenda results in party increasingly becoming organized

-holds convention in 1868, nominates moderate ticket that wins

-but still results in constitutional crisis, then civil war in defence of republican institutions

-party becomes progressively more radical over course of civil war, supports racial equality

-results in radical reconstruction, which is ultimately successful but long process

-48 years of Free Democratic dominance over presidency ensue (1868-1916)

-spearheads development of political machines, both in south and north (with migrating black people)

-grows into party of business, trusts etc.

-opposition to it grows and grows in form of agrarian and labour parties

-fiercely nationalistic

-based on a lot of Indigenous LARPing and has very orientalist admiration of Indigenous culture

-because it views the Indigenous as symbolic of some "state of freedom"

-this is controversial today but justified as being "admiring"

-grows after the Liberty and Union War (1868-76) in the South

-as part of the infrastructure of Free Democrats

-Tammany organized here most of all

-becomes strongly allied with American Presidents > 1809-1817 Aaron Burr (Republican, then Democratic)

-used to organize supporters and dispense patronage

-it also becomes increasingly pro-Irish despite it nominally keeping its Protestant restriction

-with this becomes very important organ of the Democratic Party

-and successfully organizes for vote in very structured org

-additionally does services for constituents, fights for naturalization for voters, while also being very corrupt

-patronage network tying together black and immigrant votes

-who are excluded by anti-Catholic and anti-black Republican party

-with the Great Migration of white southerners under American Presidents > 1845-1852 Daniel Webster (Democratic) † Tammany opposes this